ESTRATÉGIA DE LEITURA: AFIXOS


PREFIXOS E SUFIXOS
  
Saber significados de prefixos e sufixos ajuda a concluir o significado de uma palavra ou da sentença na leitura de textos.
Por exemplo, pelo sufixo podemos concluir se uma palavra é verbo, substantivo, adjetivo ou advérbio. Sabendo a função da palavra na sentença, perceberemos se ela é importante na compreensão da idéia da sentença.
Segue uma lista abaixo:


I PREFIXOS - (coloca-se na frente do radical ou plalavra)
1.Prefixos Negativos

a)O prefixo UN corresponde à negativa NÃO ou IN.
Able - unable                          safe - unsafe
fair - unfair                             intelligent - unintelligent
happy - unhappy                     exciting - unexciting
well - unwell                           reliable - unreliable
kind - unkind                           interesting - uninteresting
comfortable- uncomfortable     pleasant - unpleasant

b)O prefixo IN também corresponde à negativa NOT
expensive- inexpensive          efficient- inefficient  offensive-inoffensive         
frequent- infrequent               complete-incomplete  human-inhuman          infinity

c)-IM (before b, m and p)- definition = not
proper - improper        mature- immature       probable- improbable  impossible
polite - impolite          perfect- imperfect       practical-impractical

d)O prefixo IL (before l)
logical - illogical         legal - illegal   illiterate

e)IR (before "r")
irresponsible    irrevocable      irrational         irrelevance      irregular

f)0 prefixo A (= without, not, not having)
amoral             apolitical         assexual          atypical           atheism

g).O prefixo MIS significa MAL (wrongly, badly, mistakenly)
hear - mishear              judge - misjudge        manage-mismanage
place - misplace            spell - mispell                       understand - misunderstand
lead - mislead             misinform                  mistake

h)MAL (wrongly)
maladjusted    malformed      maltreat

i)NON-
nonexistent     nonrefundable nonfiction       nonprofit

2.prefixos Opostos

a)O prefixo DIS corresponde ao prefixo português DES (= not)
Engaged- disengaged           favour - disfavour        disassociate
obedient - disobedient          honest - dishonest       dislike
interest - disinterest             order - disorder
respect - disrespect              union - disunion

b) DE- (definition: AWAY) significa o reverso
decaffeinated destabilize       demagnetize   deflect defend
           
c) COUNTER (=against)
counteract       counterbalance                       counterpoint
           
d) ANTI- (against)
anti-ageing      anti-nuclear     anti-clockwise            anti-depressant                       antipathy         antisocial

e) CONTRA- (=against)
contradict

3. O prefixo RE corresponde ao português RE (definition: again, back), colocados antes de verbos
appear - reappear          start-restart   return  reaffirm           establish-restablish

4. Oprefixo TRANS é o mesmo usado em português, e exprime mudança ou movimento avante (= across):
transfer           transform       transmit           transportation transplant

5. Os prefixos FORE, PRE- , ANTE, exprimem antecedência (=before, prior):
foresee- foretell- forewarn
predispose       predict prejudicy
antecedent

6.INTER- (definition: between)
interelation      interaction       international

7.SUB (=below, not quite, not equal, less important or lower in rank, smaller part of a large whole, almost or nearly) = UNDER (sub, menos que o suficiente)-
sub-zero          subhuman       subtropical      subliutenant    subordinate
subcontinent   subcommittee subdivide        subterranean   subtract

8.BENE- (definition: well)
benefit benefactor

8. BI- (definition: two)
bicycle binary

9. BY- (definition: secondary)
byproduct

10.CIRCUM- (definition: around)
circumnavigate

11.CO- (definition: together, with)
cooperate

12.COM- (=together, with)
combine

13. COL- (=together,with)
collect

14.EPI- (definition: over, outer)
epicenter

15.IN- (definition: in), IM-
install  import

16.INTRO-, INTRA- (definition: inside)
introduction    intrastate

17.MICRO- (definition: small)
microscope

18.MONO- (definition:one, alone)
monologue      monogamy

19.MULTI- (definition: many)
 multimillionaire

20.POLY- (definition: many)
polygamy        polysyllabic

21.POST- (definition: after)
postpone

22.RETRO- (definition: bacward)
retrospect

23.SYN- (definition: same, together)
synonym         synthesis

24.TRI- (definition: three)
triangle                       triad    triplicate

25. OVER (em demasia, mais do que o necessário)

II-SUFIXOS (coloca-se no final do radical)

1. O sufixo ISH exprime QUASE ou PRÓPRIO DE: formam adjetivos
Bue - bluish             red - reddish
jew - jewish                turkey- turkish
child - childish                       black - blackish

2. Os sufixos HOOD e SHIP exprimem condição ou dignidade de: formam substantivos
child - childhood                    neighbour- neighbourhood
leader - leadership                  champion - championship

3. O sufixo NESS forma substantivos abstratos
kind - kindness                       selfish - selfishness
ill - illness                               happy - hapiness

4. O sufixo LIKE traduz a idéia de IGUAL A, ADEQUADO A
LAMB - LAMBLIKE                       GENTLEMAN - GENTLEMANLIKE

5. o SUFIXO ful exprime abundância: formam adjetivos
care -careful                doubt - doubtful
pain - painful              faith - faithful
harm - harmful                       use - useful

6. O sufixo LESS exprime carência.(=without): oposto de -ful, portanto formam também adjetivos
Care - careless            doubt - doubtless
use - useless                meaningless

7.O sufixo ABLE corresponde ao sufixo português VEL: formam adjetivos
Comfortable- considerable-honourable- respectable

8. O sufixo WARD significa EM DIREÇÃO A
Backward- downward - forward- inward- outward- upward

9. O sufixo DOM exprime domínio
king- kingdom                        earl-earldom
duke -dukedom

10. Y colocado em seguida a um substantivo torna-o adjetivo
dust - dusty                health - healthy
luck - lucky                 need - needy
silver - silvery             thirst - thirsty

11. LY adcionado a um adjetivo torna-o advérbio MENTE
Careful - carefully                  slow-slowly
frequent- frequently               usual-usually

12.LY também pode formar adjetivos
friendly-brotherly-motherly-sisterly-ghastly-slovenly

13. ESS adcionado ao substantivo masculino torna- o feminino
count-countess                       waiter-waitress

14. ER forma comparativo de superioridade quando adicionado a adjetivo e advérbio ou se é substantivo indica aquele que faz a ação de
a) adjetivos                             b)substantivos
cheap - cheaper                      teach - teacher
cold - colder                           dishwasher

15.-EST  forma superlativos
clean - cleanest                       big - biggest
fine - finest                             hot - hottest

16. -AL forma adjetivos
nation - national                     frugal
economy - economical                       reciprocal

17. Os -(A)ITION são substantivos
nation              exhibition                   prohibition      relation    completion

18. -ISM
pessimism

19. -IC são adjetivos
sympathetic    athletic                        optimistic

20. Adjetivos  -IVE
active              passive

21. -OSE
jocose

22. Adjetivos -OUS
famous

23. -ILE forma adjetivo
futile   subtile

24. -ED forma regular de verbos no passado e particípio passado (também podem ser adjetivos)
interested                    worried

25. -ANT
reluctant          extant

26.Substantivos -TY = (português)-DADE
variety= variedade                 inferiority=inferioridade
majority = maioria                  specialty

27. -ANCE (substantivos)
clearance         acceptance

28.-MENT (substantivos)
statement

29-IST (usado para substantivos indicando profissões de pessoas)
recepcionist

30. -WISE
clockwise

31. -ING (substantivos, verbos e adjetivos).Diz-se gerúndios
reading                       handwriting    spelling

32. -RY (adj)
satisfactory

33. -ENT (adj)
dependent       existent

34. -ICIAN (substantivo que indica profissão de pessoas)
physician         technician


 

 





III- STEMS - Alguns radicais (parte principal onde se pode afixar o prefixo ou sufixo

stem
definition
example
-auto-
self
automatic, automobile
-bio-
life
biology, autobiography
-capit-
head
capital, decapitate
-ced-
move, go
precede, recede
-chron-
time
chronology, synchronic
-corp-
body
corpse, corporation
-cycle-
circle
bicycle, recycle
-derm-
skin
dermatologist, epiderm
-dic-, -dict-
speak, say
predict, dictionary
-duc-
lead
reduce, conducive
-fact-
make, do
manufacture
-flect-
bend
reflect, deflection
-geo-
earth
geography
-graph-, -gram-
write, riting
biography, grammar
-hetero-
different
heterogeneous
-homo-
same
homogenized
-hydr-
water
dehydrate, hydrogen
-log-, -logy-
study
biology
-manu-
(by) hand
manual, manufacture
-meter-
measure
thermometer
-mit-, miss-
send
transmit, remission
-mort-
death
mortician
-onymi-
name
synonym
-pathy-
feeling
symphathy, antipathy
-phil-
love
anthrophile
-phon-
sound
phonograph
-port-
carry
report, transport
-psych-
mind
psychology
-scop-
see
telescope
-scrib-
write
scribble, inscription
-secut-
follow
consecutive
-spect-
look at
inspection, spectacle
-spir-
breath
respiration, inspire
-soph-
wise
philosophy
-tele-
far
telescope
-terra-
earth
terrain
-theo-,-the
god
theology,atheism
-therm-
heat
thermometer
-vene-, -vent-
come
convene, prevention
-ver-
true
verify


REFERÊNCIAS

Cambridge English Dictionary
Dalton-Apostila do curso Bezerra
Ronald E. Feare - Key to success on the TOEFL
"Moving ahead" - Curso Berlitz
Headway Upper-Intermediate by John & Liz Soars

 


 

GET PREPARED FOR YOUR PROFICIENCY EXAM: A FREE DEMO CLASS

THE MAIN READING STRATEGY: 
Guess the words from context and by recognizing cognate words
Apply these strategies in your English proficiency exam and get qualified for the university graduation program
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A conscientious student

ANA MORINI  was approved in the English proficiency test in October 2013



As a requirement to apply for the graduation course in Psychology at the University of São Paulo, Ana followed the reading strategies and the tips I provided her and she passed the exam.
Of course her successful result is due not only to the hints but also because of her effort. She studied very hard to achieve it. Congrats Ana! Good luck in the other test!


TRANSLATIONS OF "PEGAR"

TRADUÇÕES DE "PEGAR"


pegar no pé = nag
grip
hold
seize
pick up: 1 (business) He won´t be fired, if the business starts to pick up after the summer;2 She´ll pick up her daughter at school
catch: Grab a coat before leaving so that you dot catch a cold, the police caught the killer
start: It´s been difficult to start the car
pegada = footprint; slang He has a tight hold
grab
get something to eat
take a bus

pegar pesado: He´s giving me a hard time
pegar condicional: on parole

To be by being

I finally got my mastership dissertation published in the university digital library:

The title is "TO BE BY BEING: The energy that gets conserved by transforming - Analysis of the emergence of the scientific concept in a science exhibition, in pedagogical interviews and in history"

here´s the link:
http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/81/81131/tde-27052014-145024/

it´s in Portuguese and I forgot to add these key words:
self-organization in dynamics system and informal education in Science exhibition;

The key words I mentioned in Portuguese are:
Análise de sistema dinâmico
Atrator
Campo de significação
Compilação histórica
Conceito de energia
Entrevista pedagógica
Exposição de ciências
Interação dialógica
Vygotsky
ZDP

My advisor was the great Amélia Império-Hamburger , an inspiring, enthusiastic and caring human being who influenced me a lot. She´s missed by many people.