ESTRATÉGIA DE LEITURA: AFIXOS


PREFIXOS E SUFIXOS
  
Saber significados de prefixos e sufixos ajuda a concluir o significado de uma palavra ou da sentença na leitura de textos.
Por exemplo, pelo sufixo podemos concluir se uma palavra é verbo, substantivo, adjetivo ou advérbio. Sabendo a função da palavra na sentença, perceberemos se ela é importante na compreensão da idéia da sentença.
Segue uma lista abaixo:


I PREFIXOS - (coloca-se na frente do radical ou plalavra)
1.Prefixos Negativos

a)O prefixo UN corresponde à negativa NÃO ou IN.
Able - unable                          safe - unsafe
fair - unfair                             intelligent - unintelligent
happy - unhappy                     exciting - unexciting
well - unwell                           reliable - unreliable
kind - unkind                           interesting - uninteresting
comfortable- uncomfortable     pleasant - unpleasant

b)O prefixo IN também corresponde à negativa NOT
expensive- inexpensive          efficient- inefficient  offensive-inoffensive         
frequent- infrequent               complete-incomplete  human-inhuman          infinity

c)-IM (before b, m and p)- definition = not
proper - improper        mature- immature       probable- improbable  impossible
polite - impolite          perfect- imperfect       practical-impractical

d)O prefixo IL (before l)
logical - illogical         legal - illegal   illiterate

e)IR (before "r")
irresponsible    irrevocable      irrational         irrelevance      irregular

f)0 prefixo A (= without, not, not having)
amoral             apolitical         assexual          atypical           atheism

g).O prefixo MIS significa MAL (wrongly, badly, mistakenly)
hear - mishear              judge - misjudge        manage-mismanage
place - misplace            spell - mispell                       understand - misunderstand
lead - mislead             misinform                  mistake

h)MAL (wrongly)
maladjusted    malformed      maltreat

i)NON-
nonexistent     nonrefundable nonfiction       nonprofit

2.prefixos Opostos

a)O prefixo DIS corresponde ao prefixo português DES (= not)
Engaged- disengaged           favour - disfavour        disassociate
obedient - disobedient          honest - dishonest       dislike
interest - disinterest             order - disorder
respect - disrespect              union - disunion

b) DE- (definition: AWAY) significa o reverso
decaffeinated destabilize       demagnetize   deflect defend
           
c) COUNTER (=against)
counteract       counterbalance                       counterpoint
           
d) ANTI- (against)
anti-ageing      anti-nuclear     anti-clockwise            anti-depressant                       antipathy         antisocial

e) CONTRA- (=against)
contradict

3. O prefixo RE corresponde ao português RE (definition: again, back), colocados antes de verbos
appear - reappear          start-restart   return  reaffirm           establish-restablish

4. Oprefixo TRANS é o mesmo usado em português, e exprime mudança ou movimento avante (= across):
transfer           transform       transmit           transportation transplant

5. Os prefixos FORE, PRE- , ANTE, exprimem antecedência (=before, prior):
foresee- foretell- forewarn
predispose       predict prejudicy
antecedent

6.INTER- (definition: between)
interelation      interaction       international

7.SUB (=below, not quite, not equal, less important or lower in rank, smaller part of a large whole, almost or nearly) = UNDER (sub, menos que o suficiente)-
sub-zero          subhuman       subtropical      subliutenant    subordinate
subcontinent   subcommittee subdivide        subterranean   subtract

8.BENE- (definition: well)
benefit benefactor

8. BI- (definition: two)
bicycle binary

9. BY- (definition: secondary)
byproduct

10.CIRCUM- (definition: around)
circumnavigate

11.CO- (definition: together, with)
cooperate

12.COM- (=together, with)
combine

13. COL- (=together,with)
collect

14.EPI- (definition: over, outer)
epicenter

15.IN- (definition: in), IM-
install  import

16.INTRO-, INTRA- (definition: inside)
introduction    intrastate

17.MICRO- (definition: small)
microscope

18.MONO- (definition:one, alone)
monologue      monogamy

19.MULTI- (definition: many)
 multimillionaire

20.POLY- (definition: many)
polygamy        polysyllabic

21.POST- (definition: after)
postpone

22.RETRO- (definition: bacward)
retrospect

23.SYN- (definition: same, together)
synonym         synthesis

24.TRI- (definition: three)
triangle                       triad    triplicate

25. OVER (em demasia, mais do que o necessário)

II-SUFIXOS (coloca-se no final do radical)

1. O sufixo ISH exprime QUASE ou PRÓPRIO DE: formam adjetivos
Bue - bluish             red - reddish
jew - jewish                turkey- turkish
child - childish                       black - blackish

2. Os sufixos HOOD e SHIP exprimem condição ou dignidade de: formam substantivos
child - childhood                    neighbour- neighbourhood
leader - leadership                  champion - championship

3. O sufixo NESS forma substantivos abstratos
kind - kindness                       selfish - selfishness
ill - illness                               happy - hapiness

4. O sufixo LIKE traduz a idéia de IGUAL A, ADEQUADO A
LAMB - LAMBLIKE                       GENTLEMAN - GENTLEMANLIKE

5. o SUFIXO ful exprime abundância: formam adjetivos
care -careful                doubt - doubtful
pain - painful              faith - faithful
harm - harmful                       use - useful

6. O sufixo LESS exprime carência.(=without): oposto de -ful, portanto formam também adjetivos
Care - careless            doubt - doubtless
use - useless                meaningless

7.O sufixo ABLE corresponde ao sufixo português VEL: formam adjetivos
Comfortable- considerable-honourable- respectable

8. O sufixo WARD significa EM DIREÇÃO A
Backward- downward - forward- inward- outward- upward

9. O sufixo DOM exprime domínio
king- kingdom                        earl-earldom
duke -dukedom

10. Y colocado em seguida a um substantivo torna-o adjetivo
dust - dusty                health - healthy
luck - lucky                 need - needy
silver - silvery             thirst - thirsty

11. LY adcionado a um adjetivo torna-o advérbio MENTE
Careful - carefully                  slow-slowly
frequent- frequently               usual-usually

12.LY também pode formar adjetivos
friendly-brotherly-motherly-sisterly-ghastly-slovenly

13. ESS adcionado ao substantivo masculino torna- o feminino
count-countess                       waiter-waitress

14. ER forma comparativo de superioridade quando adicionado a adjetivo e advérbio ou se é substantivo indica aquele que faz a ação de
a) adjetivos                             b)substantivos
cheap - cheaper                      teach - teacher
cold - colder                           dishwasher

15.-EST  forma superlativos
clean - cleanest                       big - biggest
fine - finest                             hot - hottest

16. -AL forma adjetivos
nation - national                     frugal
economy - economical                       reciprocal

17. Os -(A)ITION são substantivos
nation              exhibition                   prohibition      relation    completion

18. -ISM
pessimism

19. -IC são adjetivos
sympathetic    athletic                        optimistic

20. Adjetivos  -IVE
active              passive

21. -OSE
jocose

22. Adjetivos -OUS
famous

23. -ILE forma adjetivo
futile   subtile

24. -ED forma regular de verbos no passado e particípio passado (também podem ser adjetivos)
interested                    worried

25. -ANT
reluctant          extant

26.Substantivos -TY = (português)-DADE
variety= variedade                 inferiority=inferioridade
majority = maioria                  specialty

27. -ANCE (substantivos)
clearance         acceptance

28.-MENT (substantivos)
statement

29-IST (usado para substantivos indicando profissões de pessoas)
recepcionist

30. -WISE
clockwise

31. -ING (substantivos, verbos e adjetivos).Diz-se gerúndios
reading                       handwriting    spelling

32. -RY (adj)
satisfactory

33. -ENT (adj)
dependent       existent

34. -ICIAN (substantivo que indica profissão de pessoas)
physician         technician


 

 





III- STEMS - Alguns radicais (parte principal onde se pode afixar o prefixo ou sufixo

stem
definition
example
-auto-
self
automatic, automobile
-bio-
life
biology, autobiography
-capit-
head
capital, decapitate
-ced-
move, go
precede, recede
-chron-
time
chronology, synchronic
-corp-
body
corpse, corporation
-cycle-
circle
bicycle, recycle
-derm-
skin
dermatologist, epiderm
-dic-, -dict-
speak, say
predict, dictionary
-duc-
lead
reduce, conducive
-fact-
make, do
manufacture
-flect-
bend
reflect, deflection
-geo-
earth
geography
-graph-, -gram-
write, riting
biography, grammar
-hetero-
different
heterogeneous
-homo-
same
homogenized
-hydr-
water
dehydrate, hydrogen
-log-, -logy-
study
biology
-manu-
(by) hand
manual, manufacture
-meter-
measure
thermometer
-mit-, miss-
send
transmit, remission
-mort-
death
mortician
-onymi-
name
synonym
-pathy-
feeling
symphathy, antipathy
-phil-
love
anthrophile
-phon-
sound
phonograph
-port-
carry
report, transport
-psych-
mind
psychology
-scop-
see
telescope
-scrib-
write
scribble, inscription
-secut-
follow
consecutive
-spect-
look at
inspection, spectacle
-spir-
breath
respiration, inspire
-soph-
wise
philosophy
-tele-
far
telescope
-terra-
earth
terrain
-theo-,-the
god
theology,atheism
-therm-
heat
thermometer
-vene-, -vent-
come
convene, prevention
-ver-
true
verify


REFERÊNCIAS

Cambridge English Dictionary
Dalton-Apostila do curso Bezerra
Ronald E. Feare - Key to success on the TOEFL
"Moving ahead" - Curso Berlitz
Headway Upper-Intermediate by John & Liz Soars

 


 

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