ENGLISH PROJECT

If you learn the irreversible word pairs, or binomials, in English, you will show you have fluency. That's because a native speaker can complete easily the other half. For example, if someone says "By leaps and ..., ", you could easily complete "...bounds" if you're an Englishwoman. The same is true if you are Brazilian: if someone says "Aos trancos e ...", you can complete "...barrancos" easily.

The binomials are irreversible, or rather, you can't change their order. For example, "ups and downs" can't be said as "downs and ups". The same is true in Portuguese: you say "altos e baixos" and not "baixos e altos". However, notice that the order is not always the same in English and Portuguese. For example, "achados e perdidos" has the reverse order in English "Lost and found". And you can never invert that order when making use of a pair to comunicate.

So, study the following list of word pairs below:

BINOMIALS

above AND beyond = more than

alive and kicking /well = active

armed and dangerous

as and when

back and forth

bits and pieces

by and large = de modo geral, a grosso modo

compare and contrast

cut and dried = clear and simple

day in and day out

down -and-out = person with no job or home

each and every

facts and figures = exact, detailed information

fair and square = honestly and according to the rules

far and wide = a large number of places

first and foremost = more than anything else

forgive and forget = stop being angry and stop remembering something unpleasant which happened

fun and games = pleasant, playful activities

give and take = toma-lá-dá-cá, permuta

here and there = in different places

hustle and bustle

kiss and tell = make publicly known a past sexual relationship with a famous person, usually for money

know and love

ladies and gentlemen

law and order : a general expression for law being obeyed in a society, esp. when the police or army are used to make certain it’s obeyed

leaps and bounds

live and learn

lo and behold = eis aí!, veja!, imaginem só!

lock and key = a place which one cannot escape, usually a prison

long and drawn out = too long

lost and found

loud and clear

new and improved

now and then= now and again = not very often

null and void = having no legal force

nuts and bolts = the practical facts rather than theoretical

odds and ends = bagatelas e quinquilharias

on and off = not all the time

one and only

out and about = able to do things one usually does (after an illness)

peace and quiet

pick and choose = take some things but not others

plain and simple

plump and shiny

pots and pans

pride and joy = something or someone to be pleeased about

profit and loss

pros and cons

push and shove

ranting and raving = gritar e esbravejar

rhyme and reason = obvious explanation

rhythm and blues = a type of popular music of 1940s and 1950s which has a strong beat.

rise and shine = get out of bed

rules and regulations

safe and sound

sick and tired

this and that = various things

time and effort

trial and error

up and running = operating

ups and downs

wait and see

Enjoy!

PREFIXOS E SUFIXOS

Saber significados de prefixos e sufixos ajuda a concluir o significado de uma palavra ou da sentença na leitura de textos.
Por exemplo, pelo sufixo podemos concluir se uma palavra é verbo, substantivo, adjetivo ou advérbio. Sabendo a função da palavra na sentença, perceberemos se ela é importante na compreensão da idéia da sentença.
Segue uma lista abaixo:

I PREFIXOS - (coloca-se na frente do radical ou plalavra)

1.Prefixos Negativos

a)O prefixo UN corresponde à negativa NÃO ou IN.

Able - unable safe - unsafe

fair - unfair intelligent - unintelligent

happy - unhappy exciting - unexciting

well - unwell reliable - unreliable

kind - unkind interesting - uninteresting

comfortable- uncomfortable pleasant - unpleasant

b)O prefixo IN também corresponde à negativa NOT

expensive- inexpensive efficient- inefficient offensive-inoffensive

frequent- infrequent complete-incomplete human-inhuman infinity

c)-IM (before b, m and p)- definition = not

proper - improper mature- immature probable- improbable impossible

polite - impolite perfect- imperfect practical-impractical

d)O prefixo IL (before l)

logical - illogical legal - illegal illiterate

e)IR (before "r")

irresponsible irrevocable irrational irrelevance irregular

f)0 prefixo A (= without, not, not having)

amoral apolitical assexual atypical atheism

g).O prefixo MIS significa MAL (wrongly, badly, mistakenly)

hear - mishear judge - misjudge manage-mismanage

place - misplace spell - mispell understand - misunderstand

lead - mislead misinform mistake

h)MAL (wrongly)

maladjusted malformed maltreat

i)NON-

nonexistent nonrefundable nonfiction nonprofit

2.prefixos Opostos

a)O prefixo DIS corresponde ao prefixo português DES (= not)

Engaged- disengaged favour - disfavour disassociate

obedient - disobedient honest - dishonest dislike

interest - disinterest order - disorder

respect - disrespect union - disunion

b) DE- (definition: AWAY) significa o reverso

decaffeinated destabilize demagnetize deflect defend

c) COUNTER (=against)

counteract counterbalance counterpoint

d) ANTI- (against)

anti-ageing anti-nuclear anti-clockwise anti-depressant antipathy antisocial

e) CONTRA- (=against)

contradict

3. O prefixo RE corresponde ao português RE (definition: again, back), colocados antes de verbos

appear - reappear start-restart return reaffirm establish-restablish

4. Oprefixo TRANS é o mesmo usado em português, e exprime mudança ou movimento avante (= across):

transfer transform transmit transportation transplant

5. Os prefixos FORE, PRE- , ANTE, exprimem antecedência (=before, prior):

foresee- foretell- forewarn

predispose predict prejudicy

antecedent

6.INTER- (definition: between)

interelation interaction international

7.SUB (=below, not quite, not equal, less important or lower in rank, smaller part of a large whole, almost or nearly) = UNDER (sub, menos que o suficiente)-

sub-zero subhuman subtropical subliutenant subordinate

subcontinent subcommittee subdivide subterranean subtract

8.BENE- (definition: well)

benefit benefactor

8. BI- (definition: two)

bicycle binary

9. BY- (definition: secondary)

byproduct

10.CIRCUM- (definition: around)

circumnavigate

11.CO- (definition: together, with)

cooperate

12.COM- (=together, with)

combine

13. COL- (=together,with)

collect

14.EPI- (definition: over, outer)

epicenter

15.IN- (definition: in), IM-

install import

16.INTRO-, INTRA- (definition: inside)

introduction intrastate

17.MICRO- (definition: small)

microscope

18.MONO- (definition:one, alone)

monologue monogamy

19.MULTI- (definition: many)

multimillionaire

20.POLY- (definition: many)

polygamy polysyllabic

21.POST- (definition: after)

postpone

22.RETRO- (definition: bacward)

retrospect

23.SYN- (definition: same, together)

synonym synthesis

24.TRI- (definition: three)

triangle triad triplicate

25. OVER (em demasia, mais do que o necessário)

II-SUFIXOS (coloca-se no final do radical)

1. O sufixo ISH exprime QUASE ou PRÓPRIO DE: formam adjetivos

Bue - bluish red - reddish

jew - jewish turkey- turkish

child - childish black - blackish

2. Os sufixos HOOD e SHIP exprimem condição ou dignidade de: formam substantivos

child - childhood neighbour- neighbourhood

leader - leadership champion - championship

3. O sufixo NESS forma substantivos abstratos

kind - kindness selfish - selfishness

ill - illness happy - hapiness

4. O sufixo LIKE traduz a idéia de IGUAL A, ADEQUADO A

LAMB - LAMBLIKE GENTLEMAN - GENTLEMANLIKE

5. o SUFIXO ful exprime abundância: formam adjetivos

care -careful doubt - doubtful

pain - painful faith - faithful

harm - harmful use - useful

6. O sufixo LESS exprime carência.(=without): oposto de -ful, portanto formam também adjetivos

Care - careless doubt - doubtless

use - useless meaningless

7.O sufixo ABLE corresponde ao sufixo português VEL: formam adjetivos

Comfortable- considerable-honourable- respectable

8. O sufixo WARD significa EM DIREÇÃO A

Backward- downward - forward- inward- outward- upward

9. O sufixo DOM exprime domínio

king- kingdom earl-earldom

duke -dukedom

10. Y colocado em seguida a um substantivo torna-o adjetivo

dust - dusty health - healthy

luck - lucky need - needy

silver - silvery thirst - thirsty

11. LY adcionado a um adjetivo torna-o advérbio MENTE

Careful - carefully slow-slowly

frequent- frequently usual-usually

12.LY também pode formar adjetivos

friendly-brotherly-motherly-sisterly-ghastly-slovenly

13. ESS adcionado ao substantivo masculino torna- o feminino

count-countess waiter-waitress

14. ER forma comparativo de superioridade quando adicionado a adjetivo e advérbio ou se é substantivo indica aquele que faz a ação de

a) adjetivos b)substantivos

cheap - cheaper teach - teacher

cold - colder dishwasher

15.-EST forma superlativos

clean - cleanest big - biggest

fine - finest hot - hottest

16. -AL forma adjetivos

nation - national frugal

economy - economical reciprocal

17. Os -(A)ITION são substantivos

nation exhibition prohibition relation completion

18. -ISM

pessimism

19. -IC são adjetivos

sympathetic athletic optimistic

20. Adjetivos -IVE

active passive

21. -OSE

jocose

22. Adjetivos -OUS

famous

23. -ILE forma adjetivo

futile subtile

24. -ED forma regular de verbos no passado e particípio passado (também podem ser adjetivos)

interested worried

25. -ANT

reluctant extant

26.Substantivos -TY = (português)-DADE

variety= variedade inferiority=inferioridade

majority = maioria specialty

27. -ANCE (substantivos)

clearance acceptance

28.-MENT (substantivos)

statement

29-IST (usado para substantivos indicando profissões de pessoas)

recepcionist

30. -WISE

clockwise

31. -ING (substantivos, verbos e adjetivos).Diz-se gerúndios

reading handwriting spelling

32. -RY (adj)

satisfactory

33. -ENT (adj)

dependent existent

34. -ICIAN (substantivo que indica profissão de pessoas)

physician technician

III- STEMS - Alguns radicais (parte principal onde se pode afixar o prefixo ou sufixo

stem	definition	example
-auto-	self	automatic, automobile
-bio-	life	biology, autobiography
-capit-	head	capital, decapitate
-ced-	move, go	precede, recede
-chron-	time	chronology, synchronic
-corp-	body	corpse, corporation
-cycle-	circle	bicycle, recycle
-derm-	skin	dermatologist, epiderm
-dic-, -dict-	speak, say	predict, dictionary
-duc-	lead	reduce, conducive
-fact-	make, do	manufacture
-flect-	bend	reflect, deflection
-geo-	earth	geography
-graph-, -gram-	write, riting	biography, grammar
-hetero-	different	heterogeneous
-homo-	same	homogenized
-hydr-	water	dehydrate, hydrogen
-log-, -logy-	study	biology
-manu-	(by) hand	manual, manufacture
-meter-	measure	thermometer
-mit-, miss-	send	transmit, remission
-mort-	death	mortician
-onymi-	name	synonym
-pathy-	feeling	symphathy, antipathy
-phil-	love	anthrophile
-phon-	sound	phonograph
-port-	carry	report, transport
-psych-	mind	psychology
-scop-	see	telescope
-scrib-	write	scribble, inscription
-secut-	follow	consecutive
-spect-	look at	inspection, spectacle
-spir-	breath	respiration, inspire
-soph-	wise	philosophy
-tele-	far	telescope
-terra-	earth	terrain
-theo-,-the	god	theology,atheism
-therm-	heat	thermometer
-vene-, -vent-	come	convene, prevention
-ver-	true	verify

REFERÊNCIAS

Cambridge English Dictionary

Dalton-Apostila do curso Bezerra

Ronald E. Feare - Key to success on the TOEFL

"Moving ahead" - Curso Berlitz

Headway Upper-Intermediate by John & Liz Soars

Gianluca Grignani - La mia storia tra le dita (Italian and english lyrics)

A beautiful Italian song translated into English

Chris Isaak - Wicked Game Lyrics

#Englishspeakingimmersionparty

IRREVERSIBLE WORD PAIRS

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HAPPY NEW YEAR

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MAKE YOUR DREAMS COME TRUE

MAKE YOUR WISHES HAPPEN

BELIEVE

HOPE

ESTRATÉGIA DE LEITURA: AFIXOS

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